Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Effect of Heat-Inactivated Clostridium sporogenes and Its Conditioned Media on 3-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Cell Models

doi: 10.1038/srep15681

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Cell proliferation with WST-1 assay of 2D culture of CT26 exposed to 10% of Conditioned Media (CM) of C. sporogenes and Reinforced Clostridium Media (RCM). t -test is a comparison with control. (* p < 0.005) ( b ) Fluorescence assay of cell viability of CT26 cells after they had been exposed to 10% of RCM and CM for 24 hours. Image of cells in top left quadrant of each well. Scale bar represents 200 μm.

Article Snippet: The C. sporogenes spores (ATCC 13732) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: WST-1 Assay, Comparison, Control, Fluorescence

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Effect of Heat-Inactivated Clostridium sporogenes and Its Conditioned Media on 3-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Cell Models

doi: 10.1038/srep15681

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Cell proliferation with WST-1 assay of CT26 and HCT116 spheroids exposed to 0.1 OD concentration of inactivated bacteria over 72 hours. 0.1 OD = 2.4 × 10 6 bacterial cells/ml. t -test is a comparison with control. (* p < 0.005) ( b ) Area of 3D spheroids after incubation with 0.1 OD of inactivated bacteria, at the 0, 24, 48 and 72 hour time points. The area (μm 2 ) of the spheroids in the images was measured using ImageJ software. t -test is a comparison with control (* p < 0.005, at all time points). ( c ) Effect of 0.1 OD of inactivated C. sporogenes on 3D spheroids, compared with Control. Scale bar represents 1000 μm.

Article Snippet: The C. sporogenes spores (ATCC 13732) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: WST-1 Assay, Concentration Assay, Bacteria, Comparison, Control, Incubation, Software

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Effect of Heat-Inactivated Clostridium sporogenes and Its Conditioned Media on 3-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Cell Models

doi: 10.1038/srep15681

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Cell proliferation with WST-1 assay of CT26 and HCT116 spheroids exposed to 10% of Conditioned Media (CM) of C. sporogenes and Reinforced Clostridium Media (RCM). t -test is a comparison with control. (* p < 0.005). ( b ) Area of spheroids after incubation with 10% RCM, CM and BCM of C. sporogenes at the 0, 24, 48 and 72 hour time points. The area (μm 2 ) of the spheroids in the images was measured using ImageJ. t -test is a comparison with control (* p < 0.005, at all time points). ( c ) Effect of 10% CM of C. sporogenes on 3D spheroids, compared with Control, 10% RCM and 10% BCM. Scale bar represents 1000 μm.

Article Snippet: The C. sporogenes spores (ATCC 13732) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: WST-1 Assay, Comparison, Control, Incubation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Recovery rate from the suitability test for epoprostenol sodium AS 0.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 3,000 ng/mL with SSI and SWI

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Recovery rate from the suitability test for epoprostenol sodium AS 1.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 15,000 ng/mL with SSI and SWI

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microbial growth curves of low-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 1.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 15,000 ng/mL with ( A ) SSI at 2°C–8°C, ( B ) SSI at 20°C–25°C, ( C ) SWI at 2°C–8°C, and ( D ) SWI at 20°C–25°C. Note: Average of n=2 is reported. Abbreviations: SSI, sterile saline (sodium chloride 0.9%) for injection; SWI, sterile water for injection; CFU, colony forming units; S. aureus , Staphylococcus aureus ; P. aeruginosa , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; E. coli , Escherichia coli ; C. albicans , Candida albicans ; A. brasiliensis , Aspergillus brasiliensis ; C. sporogenes , Clostridium sporogenes ; M. luteus , Micrococcus luteus .

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Sterility, Saline, Injection

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of log reductions with respect to initial time point for the low-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 0.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 3,000 ng/mL with SSI and SWI and stored at two different temperatures (2°C–8°C and 20°C–25°C)

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of log reductions with respect to initial time point for the low-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 1.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 15,000 ng/mL with SSI and SWI and stored at two different temperatures (2°C–8°C and 20°C–25°C)

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microbial growth curves of low-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 0.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 3,000 ng/mL with ( A ) SSI at 2°C–8°C, ( B ) SSI at 20°C–25°C, ( C ) SWI at 2°C–8°C, and ( D ) SWI at 20°C–25°C. Note: Average of n=2 is reported. Abbreviations: SSI, sterile saline (sodium chloride 0.9%) for injection; SWI, sterile water for injection; CFU, colony forming units; S. aureus , Staphylococcus aureus ; P. aeruginosa , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; E. coli , Escherichia coli ; C. albicans , Candida albicans ; A. brasiliensis , Aspergillus brasiliensis ; C. sporogenes , Clostridium sporogenes ; M. luteus , Micrococcus luteus .

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Sterility, Saline, Injection

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of log reductions with respect to initial time point for the high-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 0.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 3,000 ng/mL with SSI and SWI and stored at two different temperatures (2°C–8°C and 20°C–25°C)

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of log reductions with respect to initial time point for the high-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 1.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 15,000 ng/mL with SSI and SWI and stored at two different temperatures (2°C–8°C and 20°C–25°C)

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microbial growth curves of high-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 0.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 3,000 ng/mL with ( A ) SSI at 2°C–8°C, ( B ) SSI at 20°C–25°C, ( C ) SWI at 2°C–8°C, and ( D ) SWI at 20°C–25°C. Note: Average of n=2 is reported. Abbreviations: SSI, sterile saline (sodium chloride 0.9%) for injection; SWI, sterile water for injection; CFU, colony forming units; S. aureus , Staphylococcus aureus ; P. aeruginosa , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; E. coli , Escherichia coli ; C. albicans , Candida albicans ; A. brasiliensis , Aspergillus brasiliensis ; C. sporogenes , Clostridium sporogenes ; M. luteus , Micrococcus luteus .

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Sterility, Saline, Injection

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Microbial challenge test of a novel epoprostenol sodium formulation

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S140033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microbial growth curves of high-level challenge test for epoprostenol sodium AS 1.5 mg reconstituted and diluted to 15,000 ng/mL with ( A ) SSI at 2°C–8°C, ( B ) SSI at 20°C–25°C, ( C ) SWI at 2°C–8°C, and ( D ) SWI at 20°C–25°C. Note: Average of n=2 is reported. Abbreviations: SSI, sterile saline (sodium chloride 0.9%) for injection; SWI, sterile water for injection; CFU, colony forming units; S. aureus , Staphylococcus aureus ; P. aeruginosa , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; E. coli , Escherichia coli ; C. albicans , Candida albicans ; A. brasiliensis , Aspergillus brasiliensis ; C. sporogenes , Clostridium sporogenes ; M. luteus , Micrococcus luteus .

Article Snippet: Cultures of the bacteria S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC 8739), C. sporogenes (ATCC 11437), M. luteus (ATCC 10240), the yeast C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and the mold A. brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) were prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions (Remel Quanti-Cult Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Sterility, Saline, Injection

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

doi: 10.1128/AEM.01159-15

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characteristics of strains examined in this study a

Article Snippet: Selective filtering of variable orthologs identified 143 clade-specific genes that were present in at least 7 out of 8 available C. sporogenes -clade genomes (strains 11579, 85-3852, 88-0163, ATCC 15579, 87-0535, PA3679, Osaka05, and Okyama2011) and absent in the genomes associated with the group I C. botulinum clade ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

doi: 10.1128/AEM.01159-15

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. sporogenes clade-specific gene signatures

Article Snippet: Selective filtering of variable orthologs identified 143 clade-specific genes that were present in at least 7 out of 8 available C. sporogenes -clade genomes (strains 11579, 85-3852, 88-0163, ATCC 15579, 87-0535, PA3679, Osaka05, and Okyama2011) and absent in the genomes associated with the group I C. botulinum clade ( ).

Techniques: Modification, Histone Deacetylase Assay

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

doi: 10.1128/AEM.01159-15

Figure Lengend Snippet: Core gene phylogenetic trees of C. sporogenes and C. botulinum genomes. An initial tree was based on the maximum-likelihood distance calculated from the alignment of 179 shared orthologous genes of C. sporogenes and C. botulinum groups I, II, and III. The tree in the inset was based on the maximum-likelihood distance calculated from the alignment of 1,451 shared orthologous genes restricted to C. sporogenes and group I C. botulinum. Specific clades discussed in the text are labeled. The BoNT produced by each strain in indicated in brackets (NT, nontoxic). Genomes sequenced in this study are in red. Additional genome sequences were retrieved from GenBank.

Article Snippet: Selective filtering of variable orthologs identified 143 clade-specific genes that were present in at least 7 out of 8 available C. sporogenes -clade genomes (strains 11579, 85-3852, 88-0163, ATCC 15579, 87-0535, PA3679, Osaka05, and Okyama2011) and absent in the genomes associated with the group I C. botulinum clade ( ).

Techniques: Labeling, Produced

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Implications of Genome-Based Discrimination between Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Strains for Bacterial Taxonomy

doi: 10.1128/AEM.01159-15

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hierarchical clustering based on the presence or absence of variable orthologs. (A) The presence (yellow) or absence (black) of variable orthologs (n = 16,412) in C. sporogenes and C. botulinum group I genomes was used to perform hierarchical clustering using a complete linkage across a centered Pearson correlation. (B) Identification of 143 orthologs genes that are present in the genomes of 7 out of 8 C. sporogenes strains and 91 genes that are present in 11 out of 13 group I C. botulinum strains.

Article Snippet: Selective filtering of variable orthologs identified 143 clade-specific genes that were present in at least 7 out of 8 available C. sporogenes -clade genomes (strains 11579, 85-3852, 88-0163, ATCC 15579, 87-0535, PA3679, Osaka05, and Okyama2011) and absent in the genomes associated with the group I C. botulinum clade ( ).

Techniques: